The semantics Vann McGee gives for his 1989 conditional logic is based on Stalnaker’s 1968 semantics but replaces the familiar concept of truth at a world with the novel concept of truth under a hypothesis. Developed here is a semantics of the standard type, in which sentences are true at worlds, only with additional constraints imposed on the accessibility relation and the selection function. McGee conditionals of the form A ⇒ X are translated into Stalnaker conditionals of the form \A (...) > X. An interpretation of the semantics is provided, and a few implications for the theory of indicative conditionals and their probabilities are noted. (shrink)

I give a semantics for a logic with two pairs of doxastic modals and an indicative conditional connective that all nest without restriction. Sentences are evaluated as accepted, rejected, or neither. Certainty is the necessity-like modality of acceptance. Inferences may proceed from premises that are certain, or merely accepted, or a mix of both. This semantic setup yields some striking results. Notably, the existence of inferences that preserve certainty but not acceptance very directly implies both failure of modus ponens for (...) the indicative conditional in the logic of acceptance and failure of the deduction theorem for the material conditional in the logic of certainty. The latter failure dissolves, in the logic of certainty, the much - discussed tension between modus ponens and the law of import-export. (shrink)

Thought: A Journal of Philosophy, EarlyView.

Most of us value the legacy of the Enlightenment, but today we often worry about the conceptual and temporal stability of its core ideals. Griswold presents Smith as having something to say to these concerns, particularly in The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which, according to Griswold in chapter 1, is not an exercise in detached philosophical analysis but a piece of rhetoric designed for moral influence on the reader. Smith means, by treating virtue in the manner of a theater critic (...) discussing drama, to help his readers realize and sustain an Enlightenment model of the virtuous life. (shrink)

Hans Reichenbach’s posthumous book The Direction of Time ends somewhere between Socratic aporia and historical irony. Prompted by Feynman’s diagrammatic formulation of quantum electrodynamics, Reichenbach eventually abandoned the delicate balancing between the macroscopic foundation of the direction of time and microscopic descriptions of time order undertaken throughout the previous chapters in favor of an exclusively macroscopic theory that he had vehemently rejected in the 1920s. I analyze Reichenbach’s reasoning against the backdrop of the history of Feynman diagrams and the current (...) practice of particle physics. Building upon the debates about processes and conserved quantities between Wesley Salmon and Phil Dowe in the 1990s, and the exchange between Reichenbach and the gestalt theorist Kurt Lewin during the 1920s about topology and genidentity, I investigate whether the aporia about local time order could be avoided by following a strategy that Reichenbach adopted elsewhere in the book and develop a notion of functional genidentity that captures the practice of present-day elementary particle physics and the fact that Feynman diagrams have to be understood in the context of a complex mathematical description of scattering processes. (shrink)

Many prominent proponents of Old and New Natural Law morally condemn sexual acts between people of the same sex because those acts are incapable of reproduction; they each offer a distinct set of supporting reasons. While some New Natural Law philosophers have begun to distance themselves from this moral condemnation, there are not many similarly ameliorative efforts within Old Natural Law. I argue for the bold conclusion that Old Natural Law philosophers can accept the basic premises of Old Natural Law (...) without also being committed to morally condemning sexual activity between people of the same sex. I develop an argument from analogy that shows how we can draw metaphysically distinct sub‐categories based on someone's capacity to experience the unitive goods of sex. This unitive capacity constitutes the sub‐category and provides a distinct principle for evaluating how members of that sub‐category (X) act as members of that sub‐category, rather than as acting as defective members of another category (Y). Even though my argument is ‘internal’ to Old Natural Law, I conclude by showing how these conclusions can also address some of the objections to same‐sex sex in New Natural Law. (shrink)

Evidence of the intimate linkage of the shaman's song and divinatory procedures may be viewed in the ancient epics. These narrative poems contain structural and thematic elements recognizable from the shaman's song—in particular his or her voyage to the Otherworld and the guidance of oracular powers. In this paper, The Epic of Gilgamesh, Euripedes' Ion, and The Ozidi Saga (a living epic from West Africa) are examined as recuperations of the orally composed and transmitted song of the shaman. I argue (...) that the epics—the origins of which predate their composition in literary form—bear witness to these most ancient and mysterious forms of linguistic expression. As depictions of Otherwordly journeys, they can be viewed through a metaphysic outside of time, rendering divination not only possible but inevitable, and necessitating a language of abstraction, allusion, and ambiguity. Today's experimental poetries may not all partake of a conscious recuperation of shamanic themes and forms, but they share an imaginary (yet not imagined) repositioning of reality, an open questioning of consensus forms of awareness, and an aesthetic shaping of what Jean Gebser calls “Integral Consciousness” (15), the simultaneous integration-disintegration of archaic, mythic, magic, and mental paradigms in an intensification of awareness which sees time as diaphanous, and Mind as a doorway between possibilities. (shrink)

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Excerpt from Wissen und Glauben bei Pascal Als die Wissenschaft schlechthin gilt ihm die Mathematik. Alle Welt kennt seine hervorragenden Leistungen hierin. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such (...) as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

First Published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Epistemic Consequentialism represents a shooting-star movement nearing its zenith but already passing its peak of apparent solidarity, with clear fault-lines no.

Das denkende ich.--Die Werkzeuge des Denkens.--Die Forschungswege zur Natur und zum Geist.--Gemeinsame Ziele der Natur- und Geisteswissenschaften.

Es wird gezeigt, daß man zwei Gruppen von Erscheinungen unterscheiden muß, solche, bei denen bestimmte Voraussagen unter Angabe gabe des größten Fehlerintervalles Sinn haben, und solche, bei denen bestimmte Voraussagen leer sind. Über die zweite Gruppe von Erscheinungen können jedoch Wahrscheinlichkeitsvoraussagen gemacht werden, das sind solche Aussagen, die nicht exakt, sondern nur praktisch bestätigt oder widerlegt werden können. Am Beispiel des Roulette wird gezeigt, wie man aus einigen Wahrscheinlichkeitsaussagen über die Erscheinungen beim Roulette unter Zugrundelegung von gewissen Rechenvorschriften weitere Wahrscheinlichkeitsaussagen (...) über dieselben Erscheinungen gewinnen kann. Aus der praktischen Bestätigung der abgeleiteten Wahrscheinlichkeitsaussagen ergibt sich die Berechtigung für die Anwendung der gennanten Rechenvorschriften. In Verallgemeinerung der Erscheinungen bei dem Roulette wird die Definition eines Kollektivs in Wahrscheinlichkeitsaussagen gegeben. (shrink)